Essay --

DNA isolation and amplification of ansA1 and ansA3 genes Good quality genomic DNA was isolated (Sambrook, et al 2002) and bothansA1 and ansA3 genes were amplified by PCR. Clear bands of both the genes showing a size of 1kb were observed under UV transilluminator after agarose gel electrophoresis (Fig 1). Figure 1: PCR amplification of both ansA1 and ansA3 genes: Lane (A): Step up 100bp marker, Lane (B): amplification of ansA1 gene, Lane (C): amplification of ansA3 gene Overexpression and purification The overexpressed recombinant proteins (rBliAI and rBliAIII) of B. licheniformis MTCC 429 were purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA column. Overexpression of recombinant His-tagged asparaginase into E.coli leads to improvement in yield and affinity purification process of enzyme (Enriquez et al, 2012). The fractions showing presence of protein with the help of Bradford’s reagent were pooled together. The pooled protein solution was dialyzed against the same buffer and was checked for the L-asparaginase activity. The purified protein after SDS PAGE or Native PAGE showed a single band (Fig 2) illustrating its homogeneous nature. The molecular weight of the subunits of ansA1 and ansA3was found to be approximately 37kD after SDS PAGE analysis. SDS PAGE analysis of recombinant L-asparaginase from Pyrococcus furiosus displayed single 37kDa band (Bansal et al, 2010). In another study, recombinant ansA from Rhizobium etliin SDS-PAGE showed the presence of a single polypeptide chain of 47kDa (Enriquez et al, 2012).Native PAGE analysis showed the molecular weight of the purified protein as ~74 kDa. This study confirmed that the ansA1 and ansA3 enzymes from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 429 are a homodimer in... ...8 1.50x106 Roth et al, 2013 Table Comparative kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of L-asparagine The kinetic properties of recombinant BliA were investigated and the parameters like kcat and kcat/Km were also studied with L-asparagine as a substrate. Comparative studies of the rBliA with asparaginases from various microbial sources showed that rBliA has lower Km value for L-asparagine (Table 2) confirming thatrBliA hasbetter affinity towards its substrate than other reported (Table) microbial sources. The catalytic constant (kcat) of rBliA was only 1.5 times higher than the L-asparaginase from E.coli and catalytic constant of rErAII was 1.35 times higher than rBliA. The absolute value of kcat/Km suggests the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme (Price and Nairn, 2009). kcat/Km of the rBliAIII was 5.4x 104 which is lower than the asparaginases from E.coli and Erwinia. Essay -- DNA isolation and amplification of ansA1 and ansA3 genes Good quality genomic DNA was isolated (Sambrook, et al 2002) and bothansA1 and ansA3 genes were amplified by PCR. Clear bands of both the genes showing a size of 1kb were observed under UV transilluminator after agarose gel electrophoresis (Fig 1). Figure 1: PCR amplification of both ansA1 and ansA3 genes: Lane (A): Step up 100bp marker, Lane (B): amplification of ansA1 gene, Lane (C): amplification of ansA3 gene Overexpression and purification The overexpressed recombinant proteins (rBliAI and rBliAIII) of B. licheniformis MTCC 429 were purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA column. Overexpression of recombinant His-tagged asparaginase into E.coli leads to improvement in yield and affinity purification process of enzyme (Enriquez et al, 2012). The fractions showing presence of protein with the help of Bradford’s reagent were pooled together. The pooled protein solution was dialyzed against the same buffer and was checked for the L-asparaginase activity. The purified protein after SDS PAGE or Native PAGE showed a single band (Fig 2) illustrating its homogeneous nature. The molecular weight of the subunits of ansA1 and ansA3was found to be approximately 37kD after SDS PAGE analysis. SDS PAGE analysis of recombinant L-asparaginase from Pyrococcus furiosus displayed single 37kDa band (Bansal et al, 2010). In another study, recombinant ansA from Rhizobium etliin SDS-PAGE showed the presence of a single polypeptide chain of 47kDa (Enriquez et al, 2012).Native PAGE analysis showed the molecular weight of the purified protein as ~74 kDa. This study confirmed that the ansA1 and ansA3 enzymes from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 429 are a homodimer in... ...8 1.50x106 Roth et al, 2013 Table Comparative kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of L-asparagine The kinetic properties of recombinant BliA were investigated and the parameters like kcat and kcat/Km were also studied with L-asparagine as a substrate. Comparative studies of the rBliA with asparaginases from various microbial sources showed that rBliA has lower Km value for L-asparagine (Table 2) confirming thatrBliA hasbetter affinity towards its substrate than other reported (Table) microbial sources. The catalytic constant (kcat) of rBliA was only 1.5 times higher than the L-asparaginase from E.coli and catalytic constant of rErAII was 1.35 times higher than rBliA. The absolute value of kcat/Km suggests the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme (Price and Nairn, 2009). kcat/Km of the rBliAIII was 5.4x 104 which is lower than the asparaginases from E.coli and Erwinia.

Focus paper: Teenage pregnancy Essay

There are many issues that are arising in the United States. These issues seem to catch media attention but they are publicized so much that teens believe it is all in fun. They don’t understand that doing drugs does not lead to fun partying. Becoming a dealer is not a quick way to cash it’s a quick way to death. Committing suicide does not make everything easier. The only person you took the pain away from was yourself. The media captures all these fun moments that people do with only a little bit of the bad. Teenager’s girls see all these other girls on T.V raising a baby and they think â€Å"hey I can do that.† Then reality kicks in and it is nothing like how it was on T.V. There are many issues among teens in the United States, but the focus on this paper is going to be following teenage pregnancy. In today’s society when someone hears that a young girl is pregnant they automatically think she was sleeping around. People jump to the conclusions and they don’t take time to realize there are many other causes for teenage pregnancy than the girl sleeping around. The reality of it is there are actually five major causes to teenage pregnancy. Peer pressure, underage drinking, glamorizing teen pregnancy, lack of knowledge and sexual rape are the five major causes of teenage pregnancy. Peer pressure is a cause for almost anything involving teenagers; whether it be for drugs, drinking or sex. Teenagers often feel pressure to make friends and fit in. Many times these teens let their friends influence their decision to have sex even when they do not fully understand the consequences. Teenagers have sex as a way to appear cool and to fit in, but in some cases the end result is an unplanned teen pregnancy. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation states that more than 29 per cent of pregnant teens reported that they felt pressured to have sex, and 33 percent of pregnant teens stated that they felt that they were not ready for a sexual relationship, but proceeded anyway. When peer pressure is involved to have sex that usually means that drinking is involved as well. Underage drinking is another cause that leads  to teenage pregnancy. Teen drinking can cause an unexpected pregnancy, according to the website Love to Know. Many teens experiment with drugs and alcohol. Drinking lowers a teen’s ability to control her impulses, contributing to 75 percent of pregnancies that occur between the ages 14 and 21. Approximately 91 percent of pregnant teens reported that although they were drinking at the time, they did not originally plan to have sex when they conceived. Peer pressure and underage drinking go hand in hand with teenage pregnancies. One leads to another which causes an unexpected pregnancy. Out of the other three causes glamorizing teenage pregnancy and lack of knowledge also go together. The movie industry and the media contribute to teenage pregnancy by glamorizing teen pregnancy in movies. Movies that show teen pregnancy as something to be desired encourage teens to engage in reckless sexual activity, according to ABC’s â€Å"Good Morning America.† During adolescence, teens become more focused on their appearance and how people view them. Teens see on T.V that there same age are having cute little babies so they go out and have sex without being fully educated in what that really is. Teenagers who are uneducated about sex are more likely to have an unintended pregnancy. Some teens do not fully understand the biological and emotional aspects associated with having sex, according to DailyRecord.co.uk. Many times, teens do not have the knowledge needed to make informed and responsible decisions abo ut whether or not to engage in sexual activity that can alter their life. Social media is not helping teenage pregnancy it is only causing young girls to go out and try it. The last and final cause for teenage pregnancy is rape. Teens can become pregnant as a result of sexual abuse or rape. The Guttmacher Institute states that between 43 and 62 percent of teens acknowledge that they were impregnated by an adult male, and two-thirds report that their babies’ fathers are as old as 27. Approximately 5 percent of all teen births are the result of a rape. People in society need to realize that teenage pregnancy is a big issue today. Many of these young girls don’t finish high school. Teen pregnancy greatly affects education. Only 51% of teen moms have a high school diploma. The number for those who didn’t have a teen birth is closer to 89%. Parenthood is the leading cause for teen girls dropping out of school. Teen moms are extremely unlikely to go to college. Only about 2% of young teen moms ever get a higher education degree. Statistics show that In  the United States, there are nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies each year, that’s about 2000 a day! . It’s estimated that about half of Latina and African American teenagers will be pregnant a t least once before they’re 20.Raising a baby can cost up to $10,000 in the first year alone. About 80% of teen fathers don’t marry the mom. They also contribute very little to raising the baby. On average, teen dads pay less than $800 a year on child support. Teenage pregnancy is an issue just like drug use and alcohol abuse that needs to be looked into. There is no way to stop teenage pregnancy. Talking to teens about it is not going to stop them when they are at a party and alcohol is involved. Instead contraception’s should be provided in public bathrooms, schools and encouraged to be available at home. Many believe that providing protection in schools will only encourage teens to have sex. Reality is they are going to have it whether there is protection or not, so why not provide them the right choice of using protection. Maybe if protection is provided there will be less unexpected pregnancies in the United States.

Anxiety and Competitive Sports - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1046 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? When athletes prepare for a competition or performance, mental health is often neglected and not given a second thought. The athlete will condition their body, physically readying themselves to be pushed during competition. However, it might be worthwhile if athletes asked themselves how their mental health could affect their performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anxiety and Competitive Sports" essay for you Create order Various studies have been conducted to observe the ways anxiety, in particular, can alter performance from practice to competitions. Anxiety may be reported by an athlete when they are unsure of whether they can handle situations contributing stress (Hardy, Jones, Gould, 1995). Martens, et al (1990) contributed three subscales, used to describe athletes anxiety participating in various sports, onto the existing knowledge of anxiety and athletic performance. These three subscales include cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence, which all play a role in an athletes performance. This multidimensional anxiety theory suggests that cognitive anxiety will negatively effect performance if arousal is high, entailing a negative linear relation with performance (Hardy, et al., 1996). On the other hand, somatic anxiety displays a curvilinear relation and self-confidence has a positive linear relation with performance (Martens, et al., 1990). A common questionnaire that was completed in various studies was the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, 30 minutes to an hour before competition (Tsopani, Dallas, Skordilis, 2011). The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 measures the intensity of symptoms which in turn can determine the presence of anxiety. When participants take this CSAI-2 they respond to 27 items rating each on a 4-point scale; using 1: not at all and 4: very much so (Martens, et al., 1990). A greater presence in these three subscales are indicated by higher scores. These results help to determine how an athlete feels concerning the competition at hand and how it may affect performance. Questioning how anxiety can affect an athlete during competitive play is important to improving their skills. Performance is not only determined by physical readiness, but also by an athletes mental state. It is hypothesized that athletes who contribute time towards their mental health will perform better. Additionally, those showing little symptoms of anxiety will perform better than those showing more. Cognitive anxiety increases worry or doubt, threatening an athletes persuit and well-being. When cognitive anxiety is low is when an athlete will perform the best (Kais, Raudsepp, 2004). In the studies conducted and reported by Graham Jones (1992), Austin Swain (1992), Despoina Tsopani (2011), George Dallas (2011), Emmanouli K. Skordilis (2011), Kristjan Kais (2004) and Lennart Raudsepp (2004), each participant completed CSAI-2 30-60 min before the competition to measure cogenitive anxiety. This did not interfere with preparation routines for the players. The participants were than observed during the competitions looking for mistakes or accomplishments each player achieved (Tsopani, et al., 2011). This would later determine if the results from the CSAI-2 affected their performance. The test conducted by Jones and Swain (1992) separated the 69 subjects in two groups: high or low competitive subjects. They took athletes from various sports and compared their results. Using the results given by the participants from the CSAI-2, they determined how cognitive anxiety differed between the high and low competitive subjects. In result, the more competitive subjects reported their cognitive anxiety considerably more facilitative than the less competitive subjects, positively affecting their performance (Jones, Swain, 1992). In the study conducted by Tsopani, et al., where 86 young gymnasts were observed, the results contradicted those of Jones Swain (1992). It was shown that highly competitive athletes were lower on cognitive anxiety. Additionally, Kais Raudsepp (2004) found that their 66 participants performed more effectively when they perceived their cognitive anxiety as facilitative. Thus, Jones Swain (1992) and Kais Raudsepp (2004) both found the athletes to perform better because of their perceptions on their cognitive anxiety, although cognitive anxiety had no real affect on performance. In comparison, somatic anxiety refers to the physical symptoms of anxiety in athletes, including increased heart rate, butterflies, elevated blood pressure, and more (Kais Raudsepp, 2004). Alongside cognitive anxiety, there was no statistically significant difference between cognitive and somatic anxiety. Athletes rated and perceived these two similar to one another. Self-confidence is known as the feeling of trust in ones ability to execute a task efficiently and effectively. This aspect of the multidimensional model played a significant role on how athletes performed. The way they perceived them selves in the way they played affected their performance. Jones Swain (1992) found that the highly competitive group found their self-confidence more facilitating than the low competitive group, greatly affecting performance. Tsopani, et al. (2011) stated that the only statistically significant aspect proved to be self-confidence. Female gymnasts with higher self-confidence performed higher. Reports also showed that gymnasts with lower self-confidence showed signs of shaky stances, and unbalanced performances. Furthermore, Kais Raudsepp (2004) reported results suggesting self-confidence as a construct that can greatly influence performance above affects by cognitive or somatic anxiety. There were several limitations regarding each study conducted. Jones Swain (1992) and Tsopani et al. (2011) gathered subjects that participated in the same sport at the same level while Kais Raudsepp (2004) studied athletes from varying sports. This may cause a discrepancy when comparing the athletes anxiety and self-confidence due to the different sports. These sports may not entail the same guidelines and rules athletes are to follow. Alongside this, Tsopani et al. (2011) only examined gymnasts aged 11-12, not offering results from older and more experienced athletes. Lastly, in all three reports, the intensity of anxiety was not taken during or after the competition. This eliminates the opportunity to assess anxiety and its affect in all stages of mental performance. Taking in results from all stages of the competition may offer an improvement to predicting anxieties influence. The findings of these studies support the idea that athletes perceptions of their own anxiety offer an understanding of competitive state-anxiety. Even though the symptoms of anxiety may not affect athletes negatively does not excuse its affects in a positive aspect. These affects may even be necessary for a positive affect on performance. Although, what may be perceived as positive anxiety could be merely the states of excitement, arousal, or motivation. Additionally, self-confidence directly correlates with an athletes performance during competition. The research included all showed signs that participants who perceived themselves with higher self-confidence performed better than those in a low competitive group. Furthermore, coaches and athletes should take focus on their perceptions of anxiety and self-confidence to improve their readiness for competition.

The American Dream in the Jungle Essays - 2242 Words

Illusion of the American Dream Many immigrants migrate to America everyday with the hopes to achieve their American dream. For most immigrants the American dream consist of finding a country where effort and morality transcend to success. In â€Å"The Jungle† by Upton Sinclair, a family of hard working optimistic Lithuanians migrate to America with the belief that equality and opportunity dictates that all people should have the same opportunities open to them if they put out efforts. They arrive to the US expecting to find a land of opportunity, freedom, and equality, and acceptance. Instead they find a land where only crime, moral corruption and crookedness enables them to succeed. The hopes and dreams of these individuals are destroyed†¦show more content†¦Jurgis was grateful to have a job and that’s all he knew at the time â€Å"to be given a place in it and a share in its wonderful activities was a blessing to be grateful for, as one was grateful for the sunshine and the rain† (Sinclair 43). Is not until later on when he starts to understand more and more about the bitterness he sees in his co-workers. Another form of exploitation that doesn’t allow Jurgis and his family to achieve their American dream is the long hours of labor they must work in order to maintain the family alive. These unhealthy long hours of labor that they must work brings the family physical and mental pain. When Jurgis starts to work in the meat packing plant he is exited and happy to have a job, soon after he discovers that he is engaged in unfair labor activities as well as unsafe food handling. In chapter 11 Jurgis suffers from a terrible accident at work. The company doctor tells him that hell be laid up for months with a severe ankle and foot injury. The accident poses a terrible problem for the family. Without Jurgis wages, they might starve. â€Å"It was dreadful that an accident of this sort, that no man can help, should have meant such suffering. The bitterness of it was theShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream In The Jungle By Upton Sinclairs The Jungle756 Words   |  4 PagesNo. 1 The â€Å"American Dream† is the idea that anybody, from any background, can ultimately achieve their goals through hard work and determination. This popular idea is what made America so appealing to foreigners, and immigrants alike. Which is why so many immigrants moved to America; to achieve their version of the â€Å"American Dream†. However, from reading, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, this was not the case. Many immigrants that moved to America wishing to fulfill the â€Å"American Dream† of happinessRead MoreThe American Dream In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle765 Words   |  4 Pagesthis struggle is Upton Sinclair’s novel, â€Å"The Jungle†. The Jungle provides the reader with insight of how the businesses took control of the average workers life, and the working conditions were horrible while the wages were low. The Jungle begins with a story of a group of Lithuanian immigrants who move to America leaving behind their loved ones in hopes of better life in America because immigrants wanted the opportunity to achieve the â€Å"American Dream†, which is an ideal that individuals who areRead MoreEssay on The American Dream in The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, Jr.967 Words   |  4 Pagespolitics† (dictionary.com). 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They live in utterly dreadful circumstances and are exploited like animals by their capitalist bosses. The women are forcedRead MoreThe Illusions Of American Dream1448 Words   |  6 Pages The illusions of American Dream also presents in â€Å"all men are created equal† in the declaration. As xxx states, it is very clear that â€Å"the white, Protestant landowners was responsible for deciding who keep a voice in the new government, but not the people†. When the country grows and their descendants gradually allow other people (from different races or countries) join the community, and give them equal rights to these â€Å"outsiders† to what they think fit. Human will naturally tend to protect theirRead MoreThe Jungle Of Upton Sinclair1670 Words   |  7 Pages Amanda Poe The Jungle Paper Dr. Barnhart 03/10/17 The Jungle Upton Sinclair came from a life of struggle. He did not start school until after he was ten years old, but was in college by the age of fourteen. He attended City College of New York until he was eighteen, and then he attended Columbia postgraduate. He studied literature, music, history, and philosophy. Sinclair’s childhood was a rough one. He saw two different sides to social class. Since his father was an alcoholic and wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Jungle And Good Enough By Upton Sinclair1567 Words   |  7 Pageshistoric rates, leading to the inevitable evolution of the challenges immigrants face after arriving to a new country. The analyzation of immigration literature gives readers valuable insight into the lives of immigrants and the hardships they face. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair follows the lives of a Lithuanian immigrant family in the early 20th century as they strive to attain success by working in the meatpacking industry of Packingtown, Chicago, while Good Enoug h by Paula Yoo is set in the 21st centuryRead MoreModern Day Relevance of Sinclairs The Jungle Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jungle was first published in 1906. Contemporary critics disagree about whether or not the novel has any â€Å"relevance† for modern readers. What do YOU think? I believe this novel has somewhat of a relevance for modern readers in today’s society. In the world of economic competition that we live in today, many thrive and many are left to dig through trash cans. It has been a constant struggle throughout the modern history of society. One widely prescribed example of this struggle is Upton SinclairsRead MoreWhat Is The American Dream?1094 Words   |  5 PagesMost Americans are unsatisfied with their lives. So many people live their lives discontented with where they are in life. They are discontented with their status in society, the money they make, goals they have yet to achieve, their profession, how they didn’t complete their schooling, and the list unfortunately goes on. We as Americans have a large advantage in comparison to most societies within the world, we have the freedom to live the American dream. What is the American dream? The DeclarationRead MoreTheme Of Capitalism In The Jungle1009 Words   |  5 PagesSinclair wrote the book The Jungle where he discussed life as an immigrant. He tells of how immigr ants envisioned the American dream and told of their attempts of achieving the dream that they were told of. In The Jungle, Sinclair shows the American Dream as freedom, respect, and equality. He shows how immigrants heard of America and they saw it as everything they ever wanted in life. However, when immigrants came to America realty hit and they realized that the American dream is all a fraud. Sinclair

Industrial, French, and American Revolutions Common...

Throughout history there have been many important revolutions that have help to shape society as it is today. There are different causes, from political to religious, economic to social. Any revolution affects those in society, and creates changes for the people in the society. There are three important revolutions that took place in the late 18th century that changed the world for the better. The French Revolution, the American Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution all took place in the late 1700s. Although each had a different purpose, they all lead to a better way of life for many. The French and American Revolutions are examples of some which are brought about and enforced solely by the people. Although they had different reasons†¦show more content†¦The society saw there was a need for change, and took the opportunity to create it. They ran the revolution. Much like the French Revolution, the American Revolution was brought upon by the people who wanted a change. Gr owing numbers of immigrants added to the population in the lower and middle classes in the country, making overcrowding and poor conditions. As cities started to grow, the government- located across the ocean- decided to try and make changes, including larger taxes. The people in America did not like the idea of being ruled over by people so far away, so they began their search for new forms of authority. The people looked for independence, and their search led them to a war and the Revolution. As the country became free and independent, more and more changes were made. The Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Bill of Rights was issued. While it was largely political that change came from the American Revolution, it was Americas people created, fought, and won the American Revolution, leading to a better life for them all. Unlike France and Americas revolutions, the Industrial Revolution did not come from the peoples wants or active needs. Rather, it was only aided by th eir intervention. The Industrial Revolution transformed English, European, and American society. The outcomes from the Industrial Revolution,Show MoreRelatedComparing and Contrasting the American and French Revolutions805 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began for two reasons: political and economic, while the French Revolution began with domination and mismanagement that contributed to the French society. During the Revolution many events occurred having a major effect, such as the sugar act, currency act, and the Townshend act. The French began the Tennis Court Oath, the Storming of the Bastille, and the overthrown of Monarchy. The French Revolution followed in suit with the American Revolution, because the French were inRead MoreThe Theory Of Government, Science And The Nature Of Human Beings1466 Words   |  6 PagesAlso against absolutism, Rousseau believed that individuals should submit themselves and their rights to the whole community without reserve, creating a will of the public. In a similar way, Hutcheson believed in submission and the innate desire for social, altruistic relationships in order to created the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Individuals such as Baruch Spinoza looked at God as both creator and creation and believed in a democracy where the majority rules to protect minority rightsRead MoreLiberalism And Its Impact On Society1513 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneral population of Europe during the 1700 s, and were especially popular in the American colonies. The French had these same ideas, but approached them in the opposite way. Americans believed that our creator gave us rights, that individuals or the majority rule threatened them, and that it was the government’s job to protect those rights- as is seen in the Declaration of Independence. In contrast, the French believed that people in general were good by nature, and, while we did have these naturalRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent, yet important revolutions that have taken place in the past four centuries. These drastic and radical changes have been brought about by revolutionaries who desired a free society in which free trade, free markets, and free labor existed for the common man. These revolutions imply sudden forceful change, however, there is also evolutionary changes in society that are gradual and develop over time, which bring about many positive advancements. The French Revolution enhanced a new order ofRead MoreThe Russian N obles And Aristocrats927 Words   |  4 Pagesconsolidate its own authority but still being able to compete with nearby powers. Third Estate- The French social society was broken up into three estates the first being the clergy, the second is consisted of the nobility; and the third estate is basically everyone else from wealthy financiers to beggars and peasants. The third estate had occupations in finance, manufacturing, and commerce. This social class was an ambitious group approved of expanding the publishing industry, purchased many new homesRead MoreThe French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe greatest transformations, reformations, revolutions and many other critical events that ever took place in human history. The credit is given to all these revolutions for enlightenment of mankind. 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Finally came the thirdRead MoreThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution1464 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses,† said Henry Ford. The Industrial Revolution was a stage in the evolution of human society in which a lot of change was effected, not only because of all the new technology being invented, but in the structure of socie ty. As people started to stand up for their rights and rejecting the long-standing institution of wealth determining status, the Old Regime had to adapt. France’s Constitution of 1791 had one law that classifiedRead MoreHaitian Revolution : The Revolution1199 Words   |  5 PagesHaitian Revolution: The Haitian Revolution was led by Toussaint L’Ouverture from May 20, 1743 to April 7, 1803. It has been described as the largest and most successful slave rebellion. The rebellion was initiated in 1791 by the slaves. In the end, they had succeeded in ending slavery and French control on the colony. The Haitian Revolution consisted of multiple revolutions going simultaneously. The Haitian Revolution existed from 1791 to 1804. It was important because Haiti is the only country whereRead MoreEssay about Paine and Burke1644 Words   |  7 PagesHOW FAR DO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES OF EITHER HOBBES AND LOCKE OR PAINE AND BURKE DIFFER. This essay will examine the philosophical difference between Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine relating to the French and American Revolutions at the late Eighteenth Century. We are going to present a summary of the debate between these two different philosophers in the first part of this essay. The pros and cons of each man will be looked at in the second and third part of the essay and the final part of this

A comparison of Haydn and Beethoven free essay sample

Comparison of Haydn and Beethoven Franz Josef Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven are two of the greatest classical composers in the history of music, rivaled only by the masterful Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Beethoven, who was much younger than Haydn, moved to Vienna when he was young to study under Haydn. However, due to Heydays Increasing age, and Beethovens Increasing temper, the lessons only lasted for a little over a year. The lessons, if only for a short period, clearly left a mark on Beethoven, as can be seen in his compositions. Make no mistake, however, Haydn and Beethoven were not carbon copies of one another.When comparing compositions of the two composers, namely Heydays symphony No. 95 In C minor and Beethovens symphony No. 5, the two composers differ in various areas, including form, theme, tonality, orchestral structure, and the overall effect their work had on the audience. The only way to truly understand the similarities of these two legendary composers is to delve into their music, comparing them movement-by-movement of the two aforementioned pieces. Only then will we truly understand what makes Haydn and Beethoven so similar, yet so different.The first movement of both pieces start out in their own special way. Heydays piece starts out loudly with a quick timpani strike accompanied by the strings, followed by an almost somber sounding melody In C-melon. The second theme of Heydays first movement is much more cheerful sounding as it is in C-major. After the exposition is finished, Haydn goes through an eventful developmental period followed by recapitulation. Beethovens first movement starts out with the infamous short-short- short-long. Which Is then repeated. This becomes the motive of Beethovens piece. Which can found intertwined throughout the entire piece. The intertwining of this ingle motive creates a consistency throughout the entire symphony; making all four movements feel as one. Although Beethoven may have not Intentionally tried to do this, as It was never really done before, It really gives the symphony a special sound as a whole, something that Heydays symphony no. 95 lacked. Beethovens first movement is sonata form, something that he inherited from Haydn, and starts out in C-minor, Justas symphony no. 95 does. The first theme of Symphony no. Is made up of Imitations and sequences of those first 4 bars, which give off a tense, conflicted feel. The second theme of Beethovens first movement is much more lyrical than the first theme. Here Beethoven completely changes keys to E-flat, rather than simply switching to a major tonality like Haydn does. In the second movement, however, Haydn starts out In E-flat major. The second movement, as per usual, Is a much slower piece to contrast the strong, fast, first piece. Haydn uses a series of variations in this movement to keep the audience attentive, switching between major and minor tonalities from time to time.The amount of variation In this second movement Is extensive, and really adds a lot to the movement. Beethovens second movement Is In A-flat major and opens with two themes being presented, which are then varied in alternations. The second theme of this movement incorporates a harmony that features the clarinets, which are present thieving uses that Haydn does not in these symphonies are the piccolo, contrabass, and trumpets. By expanding his orchestra, Beethoven is able to create a larger, more diverse sound than Haydn is able to do.Beethovens second movement includes a 3rd theme that has thirty-second notes played by the strings Ninth a counter phrase being played in the winds simultaneously, and the movement ends loudly in fortissimo, with many crescendos. Although these two composers first movements were somewhat similar in form and style, it is clear in the second movement that were starting to see the similarities morph into differences between the two composers, which continues into the third movement. Heydays third movement follows the prototypical minuet, trio, minuet form.However, this is a stylized dance piece, rather than an actual dance piece due to Haydn throwing in little twists that would th row off any attempted ballroom dance. Ere minuet returns to the original tonality of C-minor, while the trio switches to C- ajar. The trio form consists completely of even eighth notes played by a solo cello, Inch Haydn included to satisfy his audience in London. Beethoven does something ere different in his third movement, as he forgoes the typical minuet-trio-minuet form for the scherzo-trio-scherzo form.Scherzo, which translates to Joke in Italian, is derived from the minuet. The main difference is that scherzo form is played much more playfully and somewhat humorously, like a Joke. Beethoven, like Haydn, returns to the starting tonality of C-minor for this movement. At the end, the short-short- worth-long motive from the beginning of the symphony returns, and begins to take over the piece as it moves directly into the fourth movement without any hesitation.The fourth movements of these two symphonies also differ in form, as Haydn chooses to go with a rondo form while Beethoven chooses a variation of the sonata form. Heydays rondo form allows the music to transition beautifully into the finale. Heydays finale consists of loud, furious music including brass fanfares that is starkly different than a normal classical finale. Beethovens fourth movement is a fast, unusual sonata that begins immediately following the third movement. His finale is played in C-major, and consists of 29 bars of chords played in fortissimo.These Chords allow Beethoven to conclude the symphony by ending the tension that has been furiously building throughout the entire piece. Beethovens incredible finale, as Ninth Heydays, are perfect endings to these two monumental symphonies that surely leave a lasting effect on their respective audiences. As can be seen throughout Heydays symphony no. 95 and Beethovens symphony no. 5, the two composers were very similar, yet very different from one another. Beethoven uses a lot of what he learned from his time with Haydn, but is able to expand on those ideals and create something of his own being.His ideals, however, are soundly built off of the foundations that Haydn paved for him, which is a benefit from being the student rather than the teacher. Even through all of the differences in the two symphonies, such as Beethovens expansion of his orchestra or Heydays refusal to stray form minuet form in the third movement, these two composers share one main thing in common, and that is their ability to create beautiful pieces of art that wont be soon forgotten in the minds, and the hearts, of their listeners.

International Development of Coca

Table of Contents History of Coca-Cola Coke’s Globalization Strategy Effects of Coke’s International Strategy Managing New Markets Conclusion References Coca-Cola Company was established by Doctor John Pemberton who was a pharmacist in Georgia Atlanta. The coca-cola formula was created in a brass kettle in his garden. The name coca cola was recommended by his book keeper, Frank Robinson. Therefore, this paper focuses on the history and international development of Coca Cola Company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Development of Coca-Cola specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History of Coca-Cola The coca-cola drink was first sold at Jacob’s pharmacy in 1886 with 9 servings per day. Coca-cola became America’s most popular drink by 1890’s due to Asa Candler’s aggressive marketing; he also reinvented the coca-cola formula. The drink was sold all over United St ates and later in Canada. Today, the coca-cola drink is sold in many countries across the world because the Company makes concentrate and sells it to licensed coca colas bottlers all over the world. These coca-cola bottlers create finished products in bottles and cans. The drink concentrate is mixed with water and sweetener and then distributed to retailers. The coca-cola has many cola drinks, which include the caffeine free coca-cola, diet coke, coca-cola cherry, coca-cola zero, and coca-cola vanilla. Coke’s Globalization Strategy According to Luthans Doh (2009), coke has spread globally and it is renowned worldwide. It has many customers in North America with 30% earnings, Latin America with 25% earnings, Europe and Middle East with 22% earnings, Asia with 17% earnings, and the least in Africa with % Earnings. Trade in many businesses has become global because of technology with improved communication channels and transportation. Many consumers have access to better prod ucts from many countries and this has led to coca-cola’s improvement in global marketing strategies. The coca-cola image is globally recognized, placing the company in the competitive edge. The company has a great symbol of value. Its bottling system allows countries to do business worldwide and also to maintain a business approach. To increase profits and sales, the Coca-Cola Company wants to change its image; for instance, the company aims at changing the shape of its bottles to cater for different markets. Another strategy for the growth of coke is to enlarge internationally where sales of soda are still growing, particularly in countries like China and Brazil. Also, the company considers the health concerns by introducing drinks with little or no sugar.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, Punima (2000) concurs that coca-cola started a social marketing s trategy by managing social media communications for over 206 countries. This enables the employees and partners around the world to speak on behalf of coca-cola and they are able to review the social buzz comments about marketing of products and are able to respond. This helps them to put important information on their websites. Similarly, Coke’s main objective in globalization is maintaining the sustainable growth with commitments for long term goals. It has a wide plan of innovation with improved efficiency and effectiveness. The company has created several brands that focus on health and wellness of different countries with different cultures. Apart from soft drinks, Coke has new brands of juice, sports drinks, water, milk, and coffee, and each day the company is looking for new ways to create other beverages for better nourishment and enjoyment. Effects of Coke’s International Strategy Coca-cola has gained trust from different countries because of the sale of non- alcoholic drinks and still continues to foresee the consumer’s needs all over the world. Annual marketing budget has increased with the launching of new products and helping the retail customers to get the most out of sales. With products being available worldwide, human resource deliver unique services and low cost products thorough survey of staffing services, proper pricing strategies and effectiveness. Globalization has led to multicultural and multi-linguistic leaders all over the world. This means that the company has hired managers across the borders who manage workforce planning and deal with transnational teams, manage competencies with cross-national recruitment, select and train, and manage attitudes and behaviors of cross-national labor force with different cultures. Korey (2003) argues that competition from other countries that sell coca-cola affects product innovation, which does not have access to supply chain or other resources available. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Development of Coca-Cola specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Larger companies are likely to be more innovative than smaller firms. Countries with business friendly environment and easy access to supplies promote innovation and hence, highly innovative countries are able to perform better than the less innovative. In this regard, Coca-Cola’s decision making involves different people in different places. There is a difference in developing a plan for a single country as compared to that of multiple countries. This affects the company’s decision making because it has to decide on the products and services that a company will sell, where and how to make those products and services, where and how it will sell them, how to acquire resources, and how to outperform the global competitive market. This helps to organize and ensure quality in their products. It is able to cope with c hange due to government’s policy, barriers and ban, political state of affairs as well as economic state. It is able to know internal and external environmental power and the opportunities available while identifying weaknesses and threats. Managing New Markets Waters (2000) affirms that Coca-Cola has been able to expand into new markets while protecting its core brands. It has come up with strategy formulation and implementation which has helped the company to assess its activities to ensure quality. Additionally, the company has to deal with change government policy and threats to maintain to new market segment. After entering the new market the company assesses the weaknesses and threats of the target market while trying to achieve strategic goals. It has used these strategies for entry into new markets: adaptation and conformity approach, low-price approach, security plan, product adaptation policy, and technical innovation plan. For marketers, culture is very difficult to understand because one may violate others’ cultural norms without their knowledge. People from dissimilar cultures may feel uncomfortable in the presence of one another. For example, people in countries like the US can walk half-naked while others in the Arab countries or Muslims culture cover their bodies and thus, the company surveys their marketing targets before entry. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company creates a good working environment by first understanding different people with different cultures. Working with diverse people with different talents and ideas helps in easy distribution of products to countries and communities with different ethnicities. The company has embraced multicultural world, both in the market place and workplace, which is critical to long term sustainability. They also do surveys with diversity programs where issues affecting those groups are solved. Cross-cultural market research is done in two ways: primary research – where a company conducts surveys, interviews and observations of the target group; and secondary research – the firm gets information gathered by someone else (Luthans Doh, 2009). The company understands economic interdependence with cross-border movements of services, goods, and technology. Economic globalization increases economic combination between countries which makes the world appear as one market. Coca- cola has distributed its goods and services all over the world and hence, economies that are developed are incorporated with the less developed through direct foreign investment and cutback of trade. However, Coca-cola is affected by political factors which are the limit to globalization. Countries with great nationalists and militarism hinder international trade. The coca-cola company understands and deals with many governments, currencies, political and legal systems, and multicultural societies. There are cases where the government and public health officials raised concern for carbonated drinks which they believed caused obesity. This affected the demand for these drinks, but the company later produced diet cokes which are not carbonated. In some countries, the governments claims that the coca-cola has led to water scarcity with pollution, but it has come up with water conservation programs, especially in countries like India where they have come up with devices for collecting rain water. Changes in government laws and regulations in the US about non-refillable containers have affected the company. The non refillable containers are highly tax compared to refillables and so the company has minimized the no of non refillable containers. Conclusion Coca-Cola Company has long become globally known and has greatly improved from selling a few servings of beverages in a pharmacy to international global markets. It has achieved its goals due to dedicated transnational workforce with the aim of attaining high quality products. The company is appreciated worldwide and this has led to its spread in over 200 countries. In addition Coke deals with changing social values in developing its marketing strategy, which has given it a competitive advantage. In essence, Coca-Cola has developed aspects that enable it to run a global enterprise which refreshes people worldwide. References Korey G. (2003). Multilateral Perspectives in international Marketing Dynamics. European Journal of Marketing, 20(7), 34-42. Luthans, R. M. Doh, J. P. (2009). International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Punima, B. (2000). Cultural and Critique and the Global Corporation. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Waters, P. (2000) Coca-Cola: An illustrated History. Garden city, New York: Double Day Company. This essay on International Development of Coca-Cola was written and submitted by user Damarion Mcdowell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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